Physiology 1

         

 

a) motor paralysis

b) loss of sensation

c) loss of reflexes

d) loss of sympathetic and sudomotor tone

e) hypotonia

 

15. The rate of gastric emptying is:

a) delayed by fat in the duodenum

b) delayed by secretin

c) delayed by fat in the oesophagus

d) enhanced by alcohol

e) independent of volume and type of food ingested

 

16. An increase in aldosterone production occurs in response to:

a) ingestion of sodium chloride

b) an increase in blood volume

c) an increased intake of potassium

d) angiotensin II

e) trauma

 

17. Cerebrospinal fluid:

a) is the main source of brain nutrition

b) is mainly produced by active secretion from the choroid plexus

c) contains virtually no glucose

d) pH changes rapidly in response to changes in plasma pH

e) pressure increases with jugular venous obstruction

 

18. Carbonic anhydrase is found at high concentration in:

a) plasma

b) red blood cells

c) renal tubular cells

d) gastric parietal cells

e) cardiac muscle cells

 

19. The Hb-oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right in:

a) acute hypoxia

b) stored blood

c) metabolic acidosis

d) respiratory alkalosis

e) hypothermia

 

a) is increased in the obese

b) is approximately 10% higher in men than in women

c) falls with general anaesthesia
d) increases on changing from the supine to the standing position
e) falls with increasing age

 

ANSWERS 1. FFTFF 2. TFTTF 3. TTTFF 4. TFTFT 5. TFTTT 6. TFFTF 7. TFTTF 8. FTFTF 9. TTFTT 10. TTTFT 11. FFTFT 12. TTFFT 13 FFFFT 14. FTTFF 15. TTFFF 16. FFTTT 17. FTFFT 18. FTTTF 19. FFTFF
20. FTTTT

 

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1. In calculating the shunt fraction, the following need to be measured or estimated:

a) mixed venous oxygen content

b) pulmonary end-capillary oxygen content

c) arterial oxygen content

d) alveolar partial pressure of oxygen

e) haemoglobin concentration

 

2. Pulse pressure increases with an increase in:

a) stroke volume

b) left ventricular end-diastolic volume

c) arterial partial pressure of oxygen

d) systemic vascular resistance

e) blood viscosity

 

3. Acute untreated haemorrhagic shock in a patient will lead to:

a) an increase in physiological dead-space

b) an increase in the arterio-venous PCO2 difference

c) a fall in the pulmonary vascular volume

d) an increase in antidiuretic hormone secretion

e) an increase in plasma bicarbonate concentration

 

a) a sodium chloride load

b) a rise in blood volume

c) an increase in oral potassium absorption

d) trauma

c) an increase in production of angiotensin II

 

5. Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors will cause:

a) vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries

b) increased tone in the bladder neck muscle

c) increased platelet aggregation

d) lipolysis
e) bronchodilation

 

ANSWERS 1.TTTTT 2.TTFFF 3.TFTTF 4.FFTTT  5.TTTFF

 

a) mitral valve closure occurs before tricuspid valve closure

b) pulmonary valve closure occurs before aortic valve closure

c) there is isometric contraction of the left ventricle after the aortic valve opens

d) atrial contraction is of more importance to ventricular filling if the heart rate increases

e) the aortic valve cusps are immobile during ventricular filling

 

7. Resistance to laminar flow in a vessel is:

a) proportional to wall thickness

b) inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius

c) proportional to length

d) independent of haematocrit

e) proportional to the pressure drop

 

a) an increase in precapillary sphincter tone

b) an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure

c) a decrease in baroreceptor activity

d) stimulation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

e) an increase in angiotensin II

 

a) catecholamines

b) an increase in heart rate

c) an increase in fibre length

d) an increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity

e) calcium ions

 

a) have stretch receptors in their walls

b) give afferent impulses via the glossopharyngeal nerve

c) stimulate the respiratory centre

d) contain chemoreceptors

e) stimulate the vasomotor centre

 

ANSWERS 6.TFFTT 7.FTTFF 8.TTTTT 9.TTTFT 10.TTFFT